US Department of Education honors three Lemelson-MIT student affiliates

On Wednesday, Oct. 9, three student inventors affiliated with the Lemelson-MIT Program (LMIT) shared their stories of what inspired them to invent with U.S. Secretary of Education Miguel Cardona and employees of the U.S. Department of Education attending a Hispanic Heritage Month celebration. 

The panel discussion, entitled “Spotlight on Latino Student Innovators & Aspiring STEM Leaders,” was part of a larger event (“Creando Futuros Brillantes”) sponsored by the White House Initiative for Hispanics.

Elias Escobar Argueta, a high school junior from Calistoga, California, spoke about his LMIT InvenTeam’s DulceTemperatura, a patent-pending invention designed to help farm workers keep cool and warm when working outdoors, and another device to help cool firefighters. Also participating were two former Lemelson-MIT InvenTeam students: Katia Avila Pinado from Pomona, California, who holds a patent for her team’s invention, Heart and Sole; and Lesly Rojas of Salem, Oregon, whose team developed an adaptive flow rate cup for people with dysphagia. Avila is now pursuing a degree in networks and digital technology at the University of California Santa Cruz. Rojas is pursuing a degree in electrical and computer engineering at Oregon State University.

Cristina Saenz, invention education manager with LMIT, also participated in the celebration and had an opportunity to speak with Secretary Cardona about the students’ achievements. Saenz notes, “We had this incredible opportunity for three young Latino inventors to amplify their experiences and share their inventions with members of the U.S. Department of Education. While this celebration of Hispanic Heritage enabled these three students to shine, one-in-four students in the U.S. school system are Latino who also need access and opportunities to showcase what they bring to their local and national communities. Si se puede!”

LMIT’s executive director, Stephanie Couch, says, “I am incredibly grateful to these students for sharing their stories of the power and promise of invention education. I hope that one day many more young women and people of color will be accessing invention education programs like ours, including learning how to protect their good ideas with a patent. These students offer glimpses into the life-changing nature of participation on an InvenTeam and/or LMIT’s other invention education offerings that are led by Dr. Saenz.” 

The InvenTeams initiative, now in its 21st year, has enabled 18 teams of high school students to earn U.S. patents for their projects. Intellectual property education is combined with invention education offerings as part of the Lemelson-MIT Program’s deliberate efforts to remedy historic inequities among those who develop inventions, protect their intellectual property, and commercialize their creations. LMIT’s ongoing efforts empower students from all backgrounds, equipping them with invaluable problem-solving skills that will serve them well throughout their academic journeys, professional pursuits, and personal lives. Their work with 3,883 students across 296 different teams nationwide these past 21 years includes:

  • developing the Inventing Smart Solutions curriculum;
  • connecting with intellectual property law firms to provide pro bono legal support;
  • collaborating with industry-leading companies that provide technical guidance and mentoring;
  • providing professional development for teachers on invention education;
  • assisting teams with identifying resources within their communities’ innovation ecosystems to support ongoing invention efforts; and
  • publishing case studies and research to inform the work of invention educators and policymakers and build support for engaging students in efforts to invent solutions to real-world problems.

LMIT is a national leader in efforts to prepare the next generation of inventors and entrepreneurs. Its work focuses on the expansion of opportunities for people to learn ways inventors find and solve problems that matter to improve lives. Their commitment to diversity, equity, and inclusion aims to remedy historic inequities among those who develop inventions, protect their intellectual property, and commercialize their creations.

Jerome H. Lemelson, one of U.S. history’s most prolific inventors, and his wife Dorothy founded the Lemelson-MIT Program at MIT in 1994. It is funded by The Lemelson Foundation and administered by the MIT School of Engineering.

2024 Math Prize for Girls at MIT sees six-way tie

After 274 young women spent two-and-a-half hours working through 20 advanced math problems for the 16th annual Advantage Testing Foundation/Jane Street Math Prize for Girls (MP4G) contest held Oct. 4-6 at MIT, a six-way tie was announced. 

Hosted by the MIT Department of Mathematics and sponsored by the Advantage Testing Foundation and global trading firm Jane Street, MP4G is the largest math prize for girls in the world. The competitors, who came from across the United States and Canada, had scored high enough on the American Mathematics Competition exam to apply for and be accepted by MP4G. This year, MP4G received 891 applications to solve multistage problems in geometry, algebra, and trigonometry. This year’s problems are listed on the MP4G website.

Because of the six-way tie, the $50,000 first-place prize and subsequent awards ($20,000 for second, $10,000 for third, $4,000 apiece for fourth and fifth and $2,000 for sixth place) was instead evenly divided, with each winner receiving $15,000. While each scored 15 out of 20, the winners were actually placed in order of how they answered the most difficult problems. 

In first place was Shruti Arun, 11th grade, Cherry Creek High School, Colorado, who last year placed fourth; followed by Angela Liu, 12th grade, home-schooled, California; Sophia Hou, 11th grade, Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Virginia; Susie Lu, 11th grade, Stanford Online High School, Washington, who last year placed 19th; Katie He, 12th grade, the Frazer School, Florida; and Katherine Liu, 12th grade, Clements High School, Texas — with the latter two having tied for seventh place last year.

The next round of winners, all with a score of 14, took home $1,000 each: Angela Ho, 11th grade, Stevenson High School, Illinois; Hannah Fox, 12th grade, Proof School, California; Selena Ge, 9th grade, Lexington High School, Massachusetts; Alansha Jiang, 12th grade, Newport High School, Washington; Laura Wang, 9th grade, Lakeside School, Washington; Alyssa Chu, 12th grade, Rye Country Day School, New York; Emily Yu, 12th grade, Mendon High School, New York; and Ivy Guo, 12th grade, Blair High School, Maryland.

The $2,000 Youth Prize to the highest-scoring contestant in 9th grade or below was shared evenly by Selena Ge and Laura Wang. In total, the event awards $100,000 in monetary prize to the top 14 contestants (including tie scores). Honorable mention trophies were awarded to the next 25 winners.

“I knew there were a lot of really smart people there, so the chances of me getting first wasn’t particularly high,” Katie He told a Florida newspaper. “When I heard six ways, I was so excited though,” He says, “because that’s just really cool that we all get to be happy about our performances and celebrate together and share the same joy.”

The event featured a keynote lecture by Harvard University professor of mathematics Lauren Williams on the “Combinatorics of Hopping Particles;” talks by Po-Shen Loh, professor of math at Carnegie Mellon University, and Maria Klawe, president of Math for America; and a musical performance by the MIT Logarhythms. Last year’s winner, Jessica Wan, volunteered as a proctor. Now a first-year at MIT, Wan won MP4G in 2022 and 2019. Alumna and doctoral candidate Nitya Mani was on hand to note, during her speech at the awards ceremony, how much bigger the event has grown over the years.

The day before the competition, attendees gathered to attend campus tours, icebreaker events, and networking sessions around MIT, at the Boston Marriott Cambridge, and at Kresge Auditorium, where the awards ceremony took place. Contestants also met MP4G alumnae at the Women in STEM Ask Me Anything event.

Math Community and Outreach Officer Michael King described the event as a “virtuous circle” where alumni return to encourage participants and help to keep the event running. “It’s good for MIT, because it attracts top female students from around the country. The atmosphere, with hundreds of girls excited about math and supported by their families, was wonderful. I thought to myself, ‘This is possible, to have rooms of math people that aren’t 80 percent men.’ The more women in math, the more role models. This is what inspires people to enter a discipline. MP4G creates a community of role models.”

Chris Peterson SM ’13, director of communications and special projects at MIT Admissions and Student Financial Services, agrees. “Everyone sees and appreciates the competitive function that Math Prize performs to identify and celebrate these highly talented young mathematicians. What’s less visible, but equally or even more important, is the crucial community role it plays as an affinity community to build  relationships and a sense of belonging among these young women that will follow and empower them through the rest of their education and careers.”

Petersen also discussed life at MIT and the admissions process at the Art of Problem Solving’s recent free MIT Math Jam, as he has annually for the past decade. He was joined by MIT Math doctoral candidate Evan Chen ’18, a former deputy leader of the USA International Math Olympiad team.

Many alumnae returned to MIT to participate in a panel for attendees and their parents. For one panelist, MP4G is a family affair. Sheela Devadas, MP4G ’10 and ’11, is the sister of electrical engineering and computer science doctoral candidate and fellow MP4G alum Lalita; their mother, Sulochana, is MP4G’s program administrator. 

“One of the goals of MP4G is to inspire young mathematicians,” says Devadas. “Although it is a competition, there is a lot of camaraderie between the contestants as well, and opportunities to meet both current undergraduate STEM majors and older role models who have pursued math-based careers. This aligned with my experience at MIT as a math major, where the atmosphere felt both competitive and collaborative in a way that inspired us.”

“There are many structural barriers and interpersonal issues facing women in STEM-oriented careers,” she adds. “One issue that is sometimes overlooked, which I have sometimes run into, is that both in school and in the workplace, it can be challenging to get your peers to respect your mathematical skill rather than pressuring you to take on tasks like note-taking or scheduling that are seen as more ‘female’ (though those tasks are also valuable and necessary).” 

Another panelist, Jennifer Xiong ’23, talked about her time at MP4G, MIT, and her current role as a pharmaceutical researcher at Moderna.  

“MP4G is what made me want to attend MIT, where I met my first MIT friend,” she says. Later, as an MIT student, she volunteered with MP4G to help her stay connected with the program. “MP4G is exciting because it brings together young girls who are interested in solving hard problems, to MIT campus, where they can build community and foster their interests in math.”

Volunteer Ranu Boppana ’87, the wife of MP4G founding director and MIT Math Research Affiliate Ravi Boppana PhD ’86, appreciates watching how this program has helped inspire women to pursue STEM education. “I’m most struck by the fact that MIT is now gender-balanced for undergraduates, but also impressed with what a more diverse place it is in every way.”

The Boppanas were inspired to found MP4G because their daughter was a mathlete in middle school and high school, and often the only girl in many regional competitions. “Ravi realized that the girls needed a community of their own, and role models to help them visualize seeing themselves in STEM.”

“Each year, the best part of MP4G is seeing the girls create wonderful networks for themselves, as some are often the only girls they know interested in math at home. This event is also such a fabulous introduction to MIT for them. I think this event helps MIT recruit the most mathematically talented girls in the country.”

Ravi also recently created the YouTube channel Boppana Math, geared toward high school students. “My goal is to create videos that are accessible to bright high school students, such as the participants in the Math Prize for Girls,” says Ravi. “My most recent video, ‘Hypergraphs and Acute Triangles,’ won an Honorable Mention at this year’s Summer of Math Exposition.”

The full list of winners is posted on the Art of Problem Solving website. The top 45 students are invited to take the 2024 Math Prize for Girls Olympiad at their schools. Canada/USA Mathcamp also provides $500 merit scholarships to the top 35 MP4G students who enroll in its summer program. This reflects a $250 increase to the scholarships. Applications to compete in next year’s MP4G will open in March 2025. 

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Presidential portrait of L. Rafael Reif unveiled

A new portrait marks the legacy of L. Rafael Reif, MIT’s president from 2012 to 2022. Painted by Jon Friedman, the portrait was unveiled at a recent gathering at Gray House, where portraits of many of Reif’s predecessors also adorn the walls.

The unveiling served as something of a reunion for many MIT faculty and staff members who had worked closely with Reif at various points in his four decades at MIT, especially his decade as president. It also featured several generations of the Reif family and special friends such as cellist Yo-Yo Ma. Susan Whitehead, a life member of the MIT Corporation and life board member of the Whitehead Institute, and Ray Stata ’57, SM ’58, co-founder of Analog Devices, gave remarks honoring Reif and his impact at the Institute.

MIT President Sally Kornbluth opened the event by welcoming the audience to the president’s residence on campus.

“As we all know, Gray House belongs to the MIT community, which means that each family who lives here takes responsibility for stewarding the place for the future. Which, in a grander sense, is a pretty good way of describing what it means to be president of MIT,” she said.

Applauding the “many grand things he set in motion,” Kornbluth described several of Reif’s impactful achievements as MIT’s 17th president, such as establishing the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing, leading the revitalization of Kendall Square, and envisioning and launching The Engine, MIT’s venture firm for “tough tech.”

“Each of those achievements helped prime MIT for the future, and each one has had powerful positive effects well beyond our community too,” Kornbluth said, noting that the term “tough tech” didn’t even exist before the establishment of The Engine.

“MIT has been an exceptional place from the very start, and it has had quite a few visionary presidents. But there is no question that MIT was more exceptional when Rafael finished than when he began. And we owe him a great debt of gratitude,” Kornbluth said.

More information about the Reif presidency can be found in this article written when Reif announced his decision to step down.

After the portrait was unveiled, Ma performed a short piece by Johann Sebastian Bach on the cello. Afterward, Stata offered a comprehensive personal and historical perspective on Reif’s wide-ranging contributions to MIT and the nation, including his key role in establishing MIT’s footing in the semiconductor landscape, and in demonstrating and advocating for the critical role of academic research in advancing the development of the U.S. semiconductor sector. Whitehead followed, highlighting a range of Reif’s accomplishments during his tenure as MIT president, including establishing the Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and MIT.nano, leading the Campaign for a Better World, overseeing the redevelopment of the Volpe Center in Kendall Square, and more.

“All of the above was made possible because you are a remarkable synthesizer and builder,” she said. “We watched as you grappled with questions, listened carefully, inside and outside of MIT, and then you moved. You were bold once you had synthesized. None of the above initiatives would have happened without your decisive big thinking.”

Whitehead also praised Reif’s kindness and empathy, noting the many decisions he oversaw to promote student wellbeing at MIT and acknowledging his leadership during difficult times, such as the death of MIT Police Officer Sean Collier. She closed by reminding the crowd of the Institute-wide farewell dance party he hosted as he stepped down.

When Reif took to the podium, he thanked the speakers as well as other members of the audience, including Corporation Life Member Fariboz Maseeh ScD ’90; Reif was the inaugural holder of the Fariborz Maseeh Professorship of Emerging Technology before becoming MIT’s president. He also thanked his wife, Christine — whose own portrait, also painted by Friedman, now hangs in the Emma Rogers Room (Room 10-340) — for her support.

L. Rafael and Christine Reif stand next to the portrait.
L. Rafael and Christine Reif stand next to his portrait. Both had portraits painted by Jon Friedman.

Reif recalled some of his favorite memories of living at Gray House, including hosting his grandchildren for sleepovers at what they called “the Castle” and partaking in a snowball fight with students on Killian Court.

“Each and every one of you influenced my thinking, gave me intellectual breadth, suffered my sense of humor, and shaped the person I became,” Reif said. “So, whatever qualities you believe you see captured in Mr. Friedman’s portrait, please realize that all of you are represented there too, in your brilliance and your goodness. It has been a tremendous privilege to be part of the MIT family for all these years.”

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“Wearable” devices for cells

Wearable devices like smartwatches and fitness trackers interact with parts of our bodies to measure and learn from internal processes, such as our heart rate or sleep stages.

Now, MIT researchers have developed wearable devices that may be able to perform similar functions for individual cells inside the body.

These battery-free, subcellular-sized devices, made of a soft polymer, are designed to gently wrap around different parts of neurons, such as axons and dendrites, without damaging the cells, upon wireless actuation with light. By snugly wrapping neuronal processes, they could be used to measure or modulate a neuron’s electrical and metabolic activity at a subcellular level.

Because these devices are wireless and free-floating, the researchers envision that thousands of tiny devices could someday be injected and then actuated noninvasively using light. Researchers would precisely control how the wearables gently wrap around cells, by manipulating the dose of light shined from outside the body, which would penetrate the tissue and actuate the devices.

By enfolding axons that transmit electrical impulses between neurons and to other parts of the body, these wearables could help restore some neuronal degradation that occurs in diseases like multiple sclerosis. In the long run, the devices could be integrated with other materials to create tiny circuits that could measure and modulate individual cells.

“The concept and platform technology we introduce here is like a founding stone that brings about immense possibilities for future research,” says Deblina Sarkar, the AT&T Career Development Assistant Professor in the MIT Media Lab and Center for Neurobiological Engineering, head of the Nano-Cybernetic Biotrek Lab, and the senior author of a paper on this technique.

Sarkar is joined on the paper by lead author Marta J. I. Airaghi Leccardi, a former MIT postdoc who is now a Novartis Innovation Fellow; Benoît X. E. Desbiolles, an MIT postdoc; Anna Y. Haddad ’23, who was an MIT undergraduate researcher during the work; and MIT graduate students Baju C. Joy and Chen Song. The research appears today in Nature Communications Chemistry.

Snugly wrapping cells

Brain cells have complex shapes, which makes it exceedingly difficult to create a bioelectronic implant that can tightly conform to neurons or neuronal processes. For instance, axons are slender, tail-like structures that attach to the cell body of neurons, and their length and curvature vary widely.

At the same time, axons and other cellular components are fragile, so any device that interfaces with them must be soft enough to make good contact without harming them.

To overcome these challenges, the MIT researchers developed thin-film devices from a soft polymer called azobenzene, that don’t damage cells they enfold.

Due to a material transformation, thin sheets of azobenzene will roll when exposed to light, enabling them to wrap around cells. Researchers can precisely control the direction and diameter of the rolling by varying the intensity and polarization of the light, as well as the shape of the devices.

The thin films can form tiny microtubes with diameters that are less than a micrometer. This enables them to gently, but snugly, wrap around highly curved axons and dendrites.

“It is possible to very finely control the diameter of the rolling. You can stop if when you reach a particular dimension you want by tuning the light energy accordingly,” Sarkar explains.

The researchers experimented with several fabrication techniques to find a process that was scalable and wouldn’t require the use of a semiconductor clean room.

Making microscopic wearables

They begin by depositing a drop of azobenzene onto a sacrificial layer composed of a water-soluble material. Then the researchers press a stamp onto the drop of polymer to mold thousands of tiny devices on top of the sacrificial layer. The stamping technique enables them to create complex structures, from rectangles to flower shapes.

A baking step ensures all solvents are evaporated and then they use etching to scrape away any material that remains between individual devices. Finally, they dissolve the sacrificial layer in water, leaving thousands of microscopic devices freely floating in the liquid.

Once they have a solution with free-floating devices, they wirelessly actuated the devices with light to induce the devices to roll. They found that free-floating structures can maintain their shapes for days after illumination stops.

The researchers conducted a series of experiments to ensure the entire method is biocompatible.

After perfecting the use of light to control rolling, they tested the devices on rat neurons and found they could tightly wrap around even highly curved axons and dendrites without causing damage.

“To have intimate interfaces with these cells, the devices must be soft and able to conform to these complex structures. That is the challenge we solved in this work. We were the first to show that azobenzene could even wrap around living cells,” she says.

Among the biggest challenges they faced was developing a scalable fabrication process that could be performed outside a clean room. They also iterated on the ideal thickness for the devices, since making them too thick causes cracking when they roll.

Because azobenzene is an insulator, one direct application is using the devices as synthetic myelin for axons that have been damaged. Myelin is an insulating layer that wraps axons and allows electrical impulses to travel efficiently between neurons.

In non-myelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis, neurons lose some insulating myelin sheets. There is no biological way of regenerating them. By acting as synthetic myelin, the wearables might help restore neuronal function in MS patients.

The researchers also demonstrated how the devices can be combined with optoelectrical materials that can stimulate cells. Moreover, atomically thin materials can be patterned on top of the devices, which can still roll to form microtubes without breaking. This opens up opportunities for integrating sensors and circuits in the devices.

In addition, because they make such a tight connection with cells, one could use very little energy to stimulate subcellular regions. This could enable a researcher or clinician to modulate electrical activity of neurons for treating brain diseases.

“It is exciting to demonstrate this symbiosis of an artificial device with a cell at an unprecedented resolution. We have shown that this technology is possible,” Sarkar says.

In addition to exploring these applications, the researchers want to try functionalizing the device surfaces with molecules that would enable them to target specific cell types or subcellular regions.

The research was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation and the U.S. National Institutes of Health Brain Initiative.