Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT announces 2024-25 fellows

Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT announces 2024-25 fellows

The Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT (KSJ) will welcome 12 fellows in August. In addition to 10 Academic-Year Fellows, KSJ welcomes the inaugural Fellow for Advancing Science Journalism in Africa and the Middle East, and co-hosts a Sharon Begley Fellow with Boston-based publication STAT.

The Knight Science Journalism Program, established at MIT in 1983, is the world’s leading science journalism fellowship program. Fellows come to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to explore science, technology, and the craft of journalism in depth.

The class of 2025 represents the expansive media environment of today’s journalism. Together, the group has award-winning experience in a wide array of journalistic media, reaching the public through podcasts, documentaries, photographs, books, YouTube, TV, and radio.

“It is a privilege to welcome journalists to our programs who are so deeply aware of the importance of quality science coverage, who are eager to improve their craft, and who will continue to contribute positively to the public understanding of science once they leave here,” says Deborah Blum, KSJ director.

The fellows will spend their time in Cambridge studying at MIT and other leading research universities in the Boston area. They’ll also attend seminars by leading scientists and storytellers, take part in hands-on classes and workshops, and visit world-renowned research laboratories. Each journalist will also pursue an independent research project, focused on a topic of their choice, that advances science journalism in the public interest.

“Many of the biggest headlines of our era derive from science and technology — and the way we apply it to the world around us,” says Blum. “Our fellowship program recognizes the dedication and understanding required for stories that do justice to these issues. We bring fellows to MIT to provide them with an opportunity to enrich and deepen that understanding.”

Fabiana Cambricoli is an award-winning Brazilian journalist based in São Paulo, working as a senior health correspondent for Estadão newspaper, with a focus on in-depth and investigative stories. Before that, she contributed to major media outlets like Grupo Folha and was a fellow at ProPublica. She earned her bachelor’s degree in journalism and a master’s degree in public health from the University of São Paulo, receiving over 10 awards and grants for her work. Cambricoli’s reporting uncovered government negligence during epidemics, highlighted health disparities, and investigated funding behind scientific disinformation. She also co-founded Fiquem Sabendo, a nonprofit promoting transparency and supporting journalists in accessing public information.

Emily Foxhall is the climate reporter at The Texas Tribune, where she focuses on the clean energy transition and threats from climate change. She joined the Tribune in 2022 after two years at The Los Angeles Times and its community papers and seven years at The Houston Chronicle, where she covered the suburbs, Texas features, and the environment. She has won multiple Texas Managing Editors awards, including for community service journalism, and was part of the team named a 2018 finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for coverage of Hurricane Harvey. She is a Yale University graduate.

Ahmad Gamal Saad-Eddin is a science journalist based in Egypt. He graduated from the faculty of medicine at Zagazig University in Egypt, and worked as a psychiatrist before leaving medicine and beginning a career in science journalism, first as a head of the science section in Manshoor.com, then as an editor at Nature Arabic Edition. He is currently working as a script writer and the fact-checker of “El-Daheeh,” the leading science YouTube show in the Arab region. His writings have also appeared in several outlets including Scientific American Arabic Edition and Almanassa News. His main writing interest is the interaction between science, its history, and the human experience.

Bryce Hoye is a journalist with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He covers a range of topics, from courts and crime to climate, conservation, and more. His stories appear on TV, radio, and online, and he has guest-hosted CBC Manitoba’s “Weekend Morning Show” and “Radio Noon.” He has produced national documentaries for CBC Radio, including for the weekly science program “Quirks & Quarks.” He has won several Radio Television Digital News Association national and regional awards. He previously worked in wildlife biology monitoring birds for several field seasons with Environment and Climate Change Canada.

Jori Lewis writes narrative nonfiction that explores how people interact with their environments. Her reports and essays have been published in The Atlantic Magazine, Orion Magazine, and Emergence Magazine, among others, and she is a senior editor of Adi Magazine, a literary magazine of global politics. In 2022, she published her first book, “Slaves for Peanuts: A Story of Conquest, Liberation, and a Crop That Changed History,” which was supported by the prestigious Whiting Creative Nonfiction Grant and a Silvers Grant for Work in Progress. It also won a James Beard Media Award and the Harriet Tubman Prize.

Yarden Michaeli is a journalist serving as the science and climate editor of Haaretz, Israel’s sole paper of record. During his 10 years as a writer, reporter, and editor at Haaretz, he became best known for editing the newspaper’s science vertical during the Covid-19 pandemic and founding its climate desk. Among other things, Yarden served as Haaretz’s first reporter on the ground during the war in Ukraine, covered the war in Gaza, and was dispatched to report on the forefront of the climate crisis during storm Daniel in Greece. Yarden was born in Israel and he is based in Tel Aviv. He has a bachelor’s degree in American studies and economy from the Humboldt University in Berlin and he is a member of the Oxford Climate Journalism Network.

Tsvangirayi Mukwazhi is a two-time winner of the CNN Africa photojournalist award. He is currently with the Associated Press in Zimbabwe. Previously, he was the chief photographer at the Associated Newspapers of Zimbabwe. With an eye for detail and a passion for multi-format storytelling, he has managed to capture the essence of humanity in his photographs across Africa, Europe, and Asia. He instilled his dedication to his craft and hard work in other photojournalists in his past teaching role with the Norwegian Friedskorp, World Press Foundation in the Netherlands, the Pathshala Institute in South-East Asia, and in his pioneering gender and images work with SAMSO across the southern and East African region.

Aaron Scott is an award-winning multimedia journalist and the creator of the podcast Timber Wars, which was the first audio work to win the MIT Knight Science Journalism Program’s Victor K. McElheny Award, along with the National Headliner Award for Best Narrative Podcast and others. Most recently, he was a host of NPR’s science podcast “Short Wave.” Before that, he spent several years exploring the natural wonders of the Pacific Northwest as a reporter/producer for Oregon Public Broadcasting’s television show “Oregon Field Guide.” His stories have appeared on NPR, Radiolab, This American Life, Outside Podcast, Reveal, and elsewhere.

Evan Urquhart is a freelance journalist whose work has focused on science and medical questions relating to the transgender community. Based in Charlottesville, Virginia, his stories have appeared on Slate, Politico, the Atlantic, Vanity Fair, and many other outlets nationwide. In 2022, Evan founded Assigned Media, a news site devoted to fact-checking misinformation relating to trans issues. He has appeared as an expert on propaganda and misinformation relating to trans issues on radio shows and podcasts including NPR’s “St. Louis on the Air,” Slate’s “Outward,” The American Prospect’s “Left Anchor,” “What the Trans?,” and “It Could Happen Here.”

Jane Zhang is a technology reporter and the China representative of Bloomberg’s global AI squad based in Hong Kong. Over the years she has covered the Chinese internet and Beijing’s tensions with the United States over tech supremacy before jumping feet-first into reporting China’s historical crackdown on its largest corporations, including Alibaba. She has won awards for extensive on-the-ground reporting and exclusive interviews with industry heavyweights like Huawei founder Ren Zhengfei. Her current focus is on covering the incipient AI technology and the regulations around it. Zhang holds a master’s degree in journalism from the University of Hong Kong.

Sharon Muzaki joins KSJ as the 2024 recipient of the Fellowship for Advancing Science Journalism in Africa and the Middle East. She has been with UGStandard Media since 2019, reporting on the environment and climate change in Uganda. Muzaki graduated from Makerere University in 2019 with a degree in journalism and communication. While working for UGStandard Media, she has attended numerous trainings at the Aga Khan University Graduate School of Media and Communications, honing skills in storytelling, data journalism, and mobile storytelling. Muzaki will be the first recipient of the Africa and Middle East Fellowship. The fall semester fellowship, created in honor of the pioneering Egyptian science journalist Mohammed Yahia, is funded by Springer Nature. It is designed to enrich the training of a journalist working in Africa or the Middle East so they can contribute to a culture of high-quality science and health journalism in those regions.

Anil Oza is co-hosted by KSJ and Boston-based publication STAT as the 2024-25 Sharon Begley Science Reporting Fellow. Oza earned a bachelor’s degree in science from Cornell University, where he reported for the campus newspaper, The Cornell Daily Sun. Oza has interned at Nature, Science News, and NPR’s “Short Wave.” Oza also interned at STAT during summer 2023, helping produce the health-equity-focused podcast, “Color Code.” Oza will be the fifth recipient of the Sharon Begley Fellowship. This fellowship pays tribute to Sharon Begley’s outstanding career while paving the way for the next generation of science journalists and fostering better coverage of science that is relevant to all people.

More than 400 leading science journalists from six continents have graduated from the Knight Science Journalism Program at MIT. KSJ also publishes an award-winning science magazine, Undark, and offers programming to journalists on topics ranging from science editing to fact-checking.

15+ Free Procreate Color Schemes & Swatches for Digital Artists – Speckyboy

One of the most important aspects of digital art is the selection of color. Color can transform a piece, set the tone, and create harmony. Color choice is not just about aesthetics but also about improving your artwork’s overall composition and cohesion.

Installing and creating custom color schemes in Procreate is easy. You can import swatches from various sources (like the ones below) or create palettes directly within the app. Procreate’s intuitive color wheel and palettes allow for quick adjustments and seamless integration into your workflow, making it easy to experiment and find the perfect color scheme for your projects.

This collection has some of the best free color schemes and swatches available for Procreate. These curated palettes are designed to simplify your color selection process and give you the tools you need to create professional-grade digital artwork.

Whether aiming for vibrant contrasts or subtle harmonies, these free color resources offer valuable inspiration that will help improve your digital creations in Procreate.

If you’re new to Procreate, you might like to take a look at this collection of tutorials. And if you’re looking for brushes, you will love our collection of free Procreate brush sets.

The Top Color Schemes for Procreate

Procreate Color Swatches for Painting & Drawing (37 Palettes, Free)

This download includes over 35 color schemes. The free palettes offer vibrant hues for cartoon characters, dramatic contrasts for action-packed comic scenes, and delicate tones for expressive manga illustrations.

15+ Free Procreate Color Schemes & Swatches for Digital Artists – Speckyboy

2024 Colors of the Year Procreate Palettes

This small Procreate download includes two swatches inspired by Peach Fuzz, the 2024 color of the year. Perfect for creating warm, inviting designs with a contemporary twist. These color schemes will bring freshness and energy to your art.

2024 Colors of the Year Procreate Palettes

Lipstick & Ice Cream Procreate Color Palettes (4 Palettes, Free)

This collection includes four unique color schemes: Vintage Pastel, Lipstick Colors, Enchanted Woods, and Ice Cream Colors. They are perfect for creating nostalgic designs, fashion illustrations, and playful artwork. In addition to the swatches, you will also get free PNG images.

Lipstick & Ice Cream Procreate Color Palettes Free

Synthwave Procreate Color Palette & Swatches (3 Palettes)

This small collection of three color schemes has been inspired by retro 80s Synthwave designs. They are perfect for creating vibrant, neon artwork and retro-futuristic digital illustrations, as well as projects that need a nostalgic feel.

Synthwave Procreate Color Palette & Swatches

Landscape Color Palettes for Procreate (10 Palettes, Free)

This collection includes ten color schemes designed for landscape digital art. These free palettes are perfect for creating natural environments, from lush forests to serene deserts, offering a variety of hues for different scenic creations.

Landscape Color Palettes for Procreate Free

Sunflower Fields Procreate Color Palette (Free)

This free Procreate color scheme has been inspired by sunflower fields in the summer. Use these vibrant yellows and greens to create bright, cheerful digital art.

Sunflower Fields Procreate Color Palette

Color Palette Collection for Procreate (234 Palettes)

This extensive Prcreate collection includes over 200 palettes and over 7,000 colors, covering a wide range of digital art styles. Ideal for any creative project, these swatches provide numerous options for all your artistic needs.

Color Palette Collection for Procreate

Skin Tones Procreate Color Palette (Free)

This Procreate color scheme includes 30 skin tones. This swatch covers a broad range of shades, perfect for portrait and character design, allowing you to paint realistic and varied human figures.

Skin Tones Procreate Color Palette Free

Chase The Stars Procreate Color Swatch & Palette (Free)

The free Chase The Stars color scheme aims to capture the beauty of the sky with bright pinks, deep purples, and other celestial hues. It is perfect for creating atmospheric sky-themed digital artwork.

Chase The Stars Procreate Color Swatch & Palette Free

Bright Candy Procreate Color Palette

This Procreate color scheme has been inspired by the bright colors of candy. Use the vibrant hues to create playful designs. It is perfect for illustrations that need a fun and energetic touch.

Bright Candy Procreate Color Palette

Various Procreate Color Palettes (6 Palettes, Free)

This collection includes six Procreate color schemes: Mutemath, Sweetheart, Cold Winter Air, Botanical Romance, Blinded by the Light, and In the Bubble. These schemes are great for creating diverse themes, from soft and romantic to bright and vibrant digital art.

Various Procreate Color Palettes Free

Christmas Mood Procreate Color Palettes & Swatches

This collection includes seven Procreate color schemes: Cozy Christmas, Evergreen, Traditional Christmas, Christmas Mood, New Year Evening, Warm Wishes, and Golden Christmas. These schemes are perfect for creating festive holiday designs and art.

Christmas Mood Procreate Color Palettes & Swatches Free

Procreate Color Palette Collection (200+ Palettes, Free)

This collection includes over 200 Procreate color palettes covering landscapes, still life, portraits, skin tones, metallics, manga, Pantone, pop art, art deco, impressionism, and more. They’re great for various digital art styles.

Procreate Color Palette Collection Free

Valentine’s Day Procreate Color Palettes

This Procreate color palette is perfect for Valentine’s Day artwork and designs. With these carefully selected colors, you can create romantic art that is excellent for cards and illustrations.

Valentines Day Procreate Color Palettes

Trick or Treat Halloween Procreate Color Palette (Free)

Entitled Trick or Treat, this free Procreate color scheme is inspired by Halloween. Use these spooky hues to create eerie Halloween-themed designs and illustrations.

Trick or Treat Halloween Procreate Color Palette Free

Light Pastel Procreate Color Palette & Swatch

This Procreate color scheme of light pastels offers soft, gentle hues. It is ideal for creating delicate, soothing designs, and is perfect for backgrounds, portraits, and minimalist artwork.

Light Pastel Procreate Color Palette & Swatches Free

Seasonal Color Schemes for Procreate (4 Palettes, Free)

This collection includes four seasonal color palettes for Procreate: Snowy Landscape, New Year’s Fireworks, Christmas Art, and Autumn Palette. Each palette offers unique schemes for creating seasonal and festive artwork.

Seasonal Color Schemes for Procreate Free

Gorgeous Procreate Color Palettes (4 Palettes, Free)

This collection includes four free color palettes for Procreate: Bouquet, Sunset, Coral, and Landscape. They offer a range of colors for floral designs, dramatic skies, ocean themes, and natural scenes.

Gorgeous Procreate Color Palettes Free

Artist’s Favorite Procreate Color Palettes (20 Palettes, Free)

This free Procreate collection includes the favorite color schemes from 20 popular and talented digital artists. They offer a variety of expertly chosen palettes to inspire and bring something new to your digital art projects.

Artists Favorite Procreate Color Palettes Free

Autumn Inspired Procreate Color Palette (Free)

This free Procreate color scheme, Autumn Allure, is perfect for warm, fall-inspired digital art. Use the rich, seasonal colors to create autumn-themed designs.

Autumn Inspired Procreate Color Palette Free

Neon Lights Color Palette for Procreate (Free)

This free Procreate color palette, inspired by bright neon lights, is perfect for creating vibrant digital art. A Photoshop version is also available.

Neon Lights Color Palette for Procreate Free

How to Install & Create Color Schemes in Procreate

Installing Color Schemes:

  1. Download the Swatches: First, find and download the swatch file (.swatches) you want to use from above.
  2. Import Swatches into Procreate: Open Procreate and navigate to the color panel by tapping the color circle at the top-right of the screen. In the color panel, go to the Palettes tab. Tap the + icon to add a new palette, then select New from File. Locate the downloaded swatch file on your device and tap on it to import the swatches into Procreate.
  3. Good to go: Your color palette is ready to use!

Creating Custom Color Schemes:

  1. Open the Color Panel: In Procreate, open the color panel by clicking on the color circle at the top-right corner.
  2. Select the Palettes Tab: Within the color panel, switch to the Palettes tab to manage your color schemes.
  3. Create a New Palette: Tap the + icon and choose Create New Palette from the options. This will generate an empty palette ready for customization.
  4. Add Colors to the Palette: Use the color wheel or sliders to select a color that fits your scheme. Tap on an empty square within your new palette to save the color. Repeat this process to add additional colors, building your custom palette.
  5. Organize and Name the Palette: To make the palette easier to identify, tap on its title to rename it. You can also drag and drop colors within the palette to organize them according to your preferences.

Procreate Color Scheme FAQs

  • What are Procreate color schemes and swatches?

    They are predefined sets of colors designed to work well together, while swatches are individual color samples within these schemes. They help maintain consistency and harmony in your artwork.

  • Are these color swatches compatible with all versions of Procreate?

    These color swatches are compatible with the latest versions of Procreate, but always check the source for specific compatibility details.

  • How many colors can a single Procreate palette hold?

    A single Procreate palette can hold up to 30 colors, giving ample room for a wide range of hues.

  • Can I organize my color palettes in Procreate?

    You can manage your palettes by dragging and dropping them within the Palettes tab. You can also rename them for better identification.

  • Can I share my custom palettes with others?

    Yes, you can share your custom palettes by exporting them. Go to the Palettes tab, swipe left on the palette you want to share, and select Share.

  • Can I edit imported swatches in Procreate?

    Yes, you can edit imported swatches. Open the palette, select a color, and use the color wheel or sliders to make adjustments. Save the changes by tapping on the palette again.

Conclusion

These curated color schemes and swatches for Procreate offer numerous benefits by simplifying your design process and improving the visual quality of your digital artwork.

These palettes will inspire new ideas, spark creativity, and help bring fresh perspectives to your projects. By experimenting with these color schemes, you may discover new styles that inspire you to create even more unique art.

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Collaborating to advance LEADing-edge digital financial infrastructure

Collaborating to advance LEADing-edge digital financial infrastructure

MIT’s Laboratory for Economic Analysis and Design (LEAD) has been awarded a 400,000-euro grant from the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, a German service provider focused on international cooperation for sustainable development and international education. The grant aims to create knowledge sharing opportunities for central bank leaders and help low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) design and scale central bank operations and digital public infrastructure (DPI).

“Increased research between leading economists and computer scientists is critical, and an equal exchange between academics and central bankers is required to mitigate the risks and realize the innovative potential of this emerging field,” says LEAD director Robert M. Townsend, the Elizabeth and James Killian Professor of Economics, who is principal investigator for the funded project.

Townsend will combine computer science, economic theory, and data to help LMICs implement projects while centering them in central bank digital currency (CBDC) and DPI research.

“For such systemic technologies, large-scale interdisciplinary research is rare,” notes Shira Frank, director of Maiden Labs, a research organization with which LEAD intends to collaborate through the grant. “This collaboration aims to change that.”

Townsend is an expert in developmental economics, economic theory, and macroeconomics. He is known for his influential work on costly state verification, the revelation principle, optimal multi-period contracts, decentralization of economies with private information, models of money with spatially separated agents, forecasting the forecasts of others, and insurance and credit in developing countries. He is also a research associate at the National Bureau of Economics, a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and the only two-time winner of the Frisch Medal.

Research and participant focus

The grant, which funds the project through June 2025, will help create opportunities for LMIC leaders to engage in research and collaboration among policymakers, technologists, and economists.

The pilot program aims to produce:

  • in-depth research collaborations with two to three LMIC central banks;
  • a series of peer-knowledge exchange workshops with 10-20 LMICs;
  • a published CBDC and DPI curriculum for central banks, integrating research from economics, computer science, and user research; and
  • a published report of research findings.

“We want LMICs to lead the charge into information sharing and technological infrastructure scaling alongside subject matter experts,” Townsend said. “It’s important to meet LMIC leaders where they are.”

Rapid changes to digital tools and the infrastructure necessary to implement, monitor, and protect them will require reliable, effective products. These can include smart contracts, which are open access digital agreements to be signed and stored on a blockchain network; distributed ledgers, platforms that use ledgers stored on separate, connected devices in a network to ensure data accuracy and security; and, encryption, which is necessary to protect electronic data from intrusion and capture and safeguard transmission by reducing exposure to bad actors.

Outcomes

The program hopes to contribute to the development of flexible financial wholesale platforms for use in improving both financial operations in LMICs and the operation of high-valued asset markets. Townsend also hopes to help participants investigate and establish digital transmission infrastructure in countries that primarily communicate and encrypt communications on mobile device networks at the retail level. The distinction between legacy communications infrastructure and mobile data transmission is blurred with new technologies.

“We want to increase interest and investment in these countries’ financial well-being,” Townsend said. “If we can identify the best learning model, this work offers multiple opportunities to foster collaboration among global financial partners.” 

Cover Reveal – The Casting Of Frank Stone

Dead by Daylight (DBD) has been one of the most popular multiplayer games (and horror titles in general) since its launch in 2016, but fans have dreamed of experiencing its universe in a single-player format. Developer Behaviour Interactive agreed and enlisted the cinematic storytelling expertise of Supermassive Games (Until Dawn, The Dark Pictures Anthology, The Quarry) to create an original story in the DBD universe. That game became The Casting of Frank Stone, and it terrorizes Game Informer’s cover this month.

We traveled to Behaviour’s studio in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to play an early slice of the game and speak to lead developers from both studios to learn how the collaboration came to be. The story also reveals some of the DBD-style mechanics remixing Supermassive’s traditional gameplay template and also provides exclusive details on the game’s filmmaking mechanic.

Check out the cover art below, which was executed by Behavior’s senior concept artist Maïlys Garcia. 

In addition to the cover story, issue #368 also features a six-page Dead by Daylight retrospective. Writer Alex Van Aken interviewed two of the game’s principal creators to learn the history of the DBD’s development and its future, including exclusive details of its upcoming Castlevania crossover.

But wait, there’s more! Contributor Pao Yumol spoke to the creator of Vampire Survivors to learn the story behind the game’s creation and its surprising success. Editor Charles Harte wrote a six-page preview for Visions of Mana, including insights from its principal creators. With Devolver Digital celebrating its 15th anniversary this year, Brian Shea spoke to its founders to learn how the company grew from a small renegade startup to an indie publishing behemoth. The issue also includes previews for upcoming titles such as Lego Horizon Adventures, Metroid Prime 4: Beyond, The Legend of Zelda: Echoes of Wisdom, Persona 3 Reload’s Episode Aigis – The Answer, and more!

Not a print subscriber yet but want this issue? Well, you’re in luck! Subscribing today – or within the next few days – will net you a print copy of this issue! You can join the ranks of the Game Informer print subscribers through our new standalone print subscription! Just head here to sign up for either one or two years at a fraction of the cost of buying the issues individually! You can even gift a print subscription to your favorite gamer!

SUBSCRIBE TO THE PRINT MAGAZINE

You can also try to nab a Game Informer Gold version of the issue. Limited to a numbered print run per issue, this premium version of Game Informer isn’t available for sale. To learn about places where you might be able to get a copy, check out our official TwitterFacebookTikTokInstagramBlueSky, and Threads accounts and stay tuned for more details in the coming weeks. Click here to read more about Game Informer Gold.

Print subscribers can expect their issues to arrive in the coming weeks. The digital edition launches later this afternoon for PC/Mac, iOS, and Google Play. Individual print copies will be available for purchase in the coming weeks at GameStop.

Senators probe OpenAI on safety and employment practices

Five prominent Senate Democrats have sent a letter to OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, seeking clarity on the company’s safety and employment practices. The letter – signed by Senators Brian Schatz, Ben Ray Luján, Peter Welch, Mark R. Warner, and Angus S. King, Jr. – comes in…

Proton-conducting materials could enable new green energy technologies

Proton-conducting materials could enable new green energy technologies

As the name suggests, most electronic devices today work through the movement of electrons. But materials that can efficiently conduct protons — the nucleus of the hydrogen atom — could be key to a number of important technologies for combating global climate change.

Most proton-conducting inorganic materials available now require undesirably high temperatures to achieve sufficiently high conductivity. However, lower-temperature alternatives could enable a variety of technologies, such as more efficient and durable fuel cells to produce clean electricity from hydrogen, electrolyzers to make clean fuels such as hydrogen for transportation, solid-state proton batteries, and even new kinds of computing devices based on iono-electronic effects.

In order to advance the development of proton conductors, MIT engineers have identified certain traits of materials that give rise to fast proton conduction. Using those traits quantitatively, the team identified a half-dozen new candidates that show promise as fast proton conductors. Simulations suggest these candidates will perform far better than existing materials, although they still need to be conformed experimentally. In addition to uncovering potential new materials, the research also provides a deeper understanding at the atomic level of how such materials work.

The new findings are described in the journal Energy and Environmental Sciences, in a paper by MIT professors Bilge Yildiz and Ju Li, postdocs Pjotrs Zguns and Konstantin Klyukin, and their collaborator Sossina Haile and her students from Northwestern University. Yildiz is the Breene M. Kerr Professor in the departments of Nuclear Science and Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering.

“Proton conductors are needed in clean energy conversion applications such as fuel cells, where we use hydrogen to produce carbon dioxide-free electricity,” Yildiz explains. “We want to do this process efficiently, and therefore we need materials that can transport protons very fast through such devices.”

Present methods of producing hydrogen, for example steam methane reforming, emit a great deal of carbon dioxide. “One way to eliminate that is to electrochemically produce hydrogen from water vapor, and that needs very good proton conductors,” Yildiz says. Production of other important industrial chemicals and potential fuels, such as ammonia, can also be carried out through efficient electrochemical systems that require good proton conductors.

But most inorganic materials that conduct protons can only operate at temperatures of 200 to 600 degrees Celsius (roughly 450 to 1,100 Fahrenheit), or even higher. Such temperatures require energy to maintain and can cause degradation of materials. “Going to higher temperatures is not desirable because that makes the whole system more challenging, and the material durability becomes an issue,” Yildiz says. “There is no good inorganic proton conductor at room temperature.” Today, the only known room-temperature proton conductor is a polymeric material that is not practical for applications in computing devices because it can’t easily be scaled down to the nanometer regime, she says.

To tackle the problem, the team first needed to develop a basic and quantitative understanding of exactly how proton conduction works, taking a class of inorganic proton conductors, called solid acids. “One has to first understand what governs proton conduction in these inorganic compounds,” she says. While looking at the materials’ atomic configurations, the researchers identified a pair of characteristics that directly relates to the materials’ proton-carrying potential.

As Yildiz explains, proton conduction first involves a proton “hopping from a donor oxygen atom to an acceptor oxygen. And then the environment has to reorganize and take the accepted proton away, so that it can hop to another neighboring acceptor, enabling long-range proton diffusion.” This process happens in many inorganic solids, she says. Figuring out how that last part works — how the atomic lattice gets reorganized to take the accepted proton away from the original donor atom — was a key part of this research, she says.

The researchers used computer simulations to study a class of materials called solid acids that become good proton conductors above 200 degrees Celsius. This class of materials has a substructure called the polyanion group sublattice, and these groups have to rotate and take the proton away from its original site so it can then transfer to other sites. The researchers were able to identify the phonons that contribute to the flexibility of this sublattice, which is essential for proton conduction. Then they used this information to comb through vast databases of theoretically and experimentally possible compounds, in search of better proton conducting materials.

As a result, they found solid acid compounds that are promising proton conductors and that have been developed and produced for a variety of different applications but never before studied as proton conductors; these compounds turned out to have just the right characteristics of lattice flexibility. The team then carried out computer simulations of how the specific materials they identified in their initial screening would perform under relevant temperatures, to confirm their suitability as proton conductors for fuel cells or other uses. Sure enough, they found six promising materials, with predicted proton conduction speeds faster than the best existing solid acid proton conductors.

“There are uncertainties in these simulations,” Yildiz cautions. “I don’t want to say exactly how much higher the conductivity will be, but these look very promising. Hopefully this motivates the experimental field to try to synthesize them in different forms and make use of these compounds as proton conductors.”

Translating these theoretical findings into practical devices could take some years, she says. The likely first applications would be for electrochemical cells to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks such as hydrogen and ammonia, she says.

The work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, the Wallenberg Foundation, and the U.S. National Science Foundation.

OpenResearch reveals potential impacts of universal basic income

A study conducted by OpenResearch has shed light on the transformative potential of universal basic income (UBI). The research aimed to “learn from participants’ experiences and better understand both the potential and the limitations of unconditional cash transfers.” The study – which provided participants with an…

Large language models don’t behave like people, even though we may expect them to

Large language models don’t behave like people, even though we may expect them to

One thing that makes large language models (LLMs) so powerful is the diversity of tasks to which they can be applied. The same machine-learning model that can help a graduate student draft an email could also aid a clinician in diagnosing cancer.

However, the wide applicability of these models also makes them challenging to evaluate in a systematic way. It would be impossible to create a benchmark dataset to test a model on every type of question it can be asked.

In a new paper, MIT researchers took a different approach. They argue that, because humans decide when to deploy large language models, evaluating a model requires an understanding of how people form beliefs about its capabilities.

For example, the graduate student must decide whether the model could be helpful in drafting a particular email, and the clinician must determine which cases would be best to consult the model on.

Building off this idea, the researchers created a framework to evaluate an LLM based on its alignment with a human’s beliefs about how it will perform on a certain task.

They introduce a human generalization function — a model of how people update their beliefs about an LLM’s capabilities after interacting with it. Then, they evaluate how aligned LLMs are with this human generalization function.

Their results indicate that when models are misaligned with the human generalization function, a user could be overconfident or underconfident about where to deploy it, which might cause the model to fail unexpectedly. Furthermore, due to this misalignment, more capable models tend to perform worse than smaller models in high-stakes situations.

“These tools are exciting because they are general-purpose, but because they are general-purpose, they will be collaborating with people, so we have to take the human in the loop into account,” says study co-author Ashesh Rambachan, assistant professor of economics and a principal investigator in the Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS).

Rambachan is joined on the paper by lead author Keyon Vafa, a postdoc at Harvard University; and Sendhil Mullainathan, an MIT professor in the departments of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and of Economics, and a member of LIDS. The research will be presented at the International Conference on Machine Learning.

Human generalization

As we interact with other people, we form beliefs about what we think they do and do not know. For instance, if your friend is finicky about correcting people’s grammar, you might generalize and think they would also excel at sentence construction, even though you’ve never asked them questions about sentence construction.

“Language models often seem so human. We wanted to illustrate that this force of human generalization is also present in how people form beliefs about language models,” Rambachan says.

As a starting point, the researchers formally defined the human generalization function, which involves asking questions, observing how a person or LLM responds, and then making inferences about how that person or model would respond to related questions.

If someone sees that an LLM can correctly answer questions about matrix inversion, they might also assume it can ace questions about simple arithmetic. A model that is misaligned with this function — one that doesn’t perform well on questions a human expects it to answer correctly — could fail when deployed.

With that formal definition in hand, the researchers designed a survey to measure how people generalize when they interact with LLMs and other people.

They showed survey participants questions that a person or LLM got right or wrong and then asked if they thought that person or LLM would answer a related question correctly. Through the survey, they generated a dataset of nearly 19,000 examples of how humans generalize about LLM performance across 79 diverse tasks.

Measuring misalignment

They found that participants did quite well when asked whether a human who got one question right would answer a related question right, but they were much worse at generalizing about the performance of LLMs.

“Human generalization gets applied to language models, but that breaks down because these language models don’t actually show patterns of expertise like people would,” Rambachan says.

People were also more likely to update their beliefs about an LLM when it answered questions incorrectly than when it got questions right. They also tended to believe that LLM performance on simple questions would have little bearing on its performance on more complex questions.

In situations where people put more weight on incorrect responses, simpler models outperformed very large models like GPT-4.

“Language models that get better can almost trick people into thinking they will perform well on related questions when, in actuality, they don’t,” he says.

One possible explanation for why humans are worse at generalizing for LLMs could come from their novelty — people have far less experience interacting with LLMs than with other people.

“Moving forward, it is possible that we may get better just by virtue of interacting with language models more,” he says.

To this end, the researchers want to conduct additional studies of how people’s beliefs about LLMs evolve over time as they interact with a model. They also want to explore how human generalization could be incorporated into the development of LLMs.

“When we are training these algorithms in the first place, or trying to update them with human feedback, we need to account for the human generalization function in how we think about measuring performance,” he says.

In the meanwhile, the researchers hope their dataset could be used a benchmark to compare how LLMs perform related to the human generalization function, which could help improve the performance of models deployed in real-world situations.

“To me, the contribution of the paper is twofold. The first is practical: The paper uncovers a critical issue with deploying LLMs for general consumer use. If people don’t have the right understanding of when LLMs will be accurate and when they will fail, then they will be more likely to see mistakes and perhaps be discouraged from further use. This highlights the issue of aligning the models with people’s understanding of generalization,” says Alex Imas, professor of behavioral science and economics at the University of Chicago’s Booth School of Business, who was not involved with this work. “The second contribution is more fundamental: The lack of generalization to expected problems and domains helps in getting a better picture of what the models are doing when they get a problem ‘correct.’ It provides a test of whether LLMs ‘understand’ the problem they are solving.”

This research was funded, in part, by the Harvard Data Science Initiative and the Center for Applied AI at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.